Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ): Analysis of the Romanian Adaptation and Validation
Keywords:
Psychological Capital Questionnaire, psychological capital, confirmatory factor analysis, validity, reliabilityAbstract
Two studies were performed to test the reliability and validity of Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) on the Romanian population. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) is a personal resource, which is associated with positive individual and organizational outcomes, such as well-being and performance. The main aim of the first study was to validate the Romanian version of PCQ. The second study tested to convergent and discriminant validity between PsyCap and other constructs, such as Big Five personality traits, well-being, and performance. Factor structure of PCQ was examined using confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 665 of Romanian employees. The results indicate that the fit indices for PCQ are relatively adequate. The internal consistency estimates had values ranged from good to high (α = .72-.91) for the four dimensions of PsyCap and the omnibus concept, indicating overall fair reliability. The construct validity analysis was conducted on 304 employees and revealed that PsyCap is associated with personality dimensions, well-being, and performance. As a practical implication, PCQ is reliable to be used in the Romanian organizational context.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 48, 677–693. doi: 10.1002/hrm.20294
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2010). The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management, 30, 430–452. doi: 10.1177/0149206308329961
Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22, 127–152. doi: 10.1002/hrdq.20070
Badran, M. A., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2015). Psychological capital and job satisfaction in Egypt. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30, 354–370. doi: 10.1108/JMP-06-2013-0176
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309–328. doi: 10.1108/02683940710733115
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x
Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
Berwick, D. M., Murphy, J. M., Goldman, P. A., Ware Jr, J. E., Barsky, A. J., & Weinstein, M. C. (1991). Performance of a five-item mental health screening test. Medical Care, 29, 169–176. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3766262
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185–216. doi: 10.1177/135910457000100301
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage Focus Editions, 154, 136–136. doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005
Carverc, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2002). The hopeful optimist. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 288–290. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1448869
Choi, Y., & Lee, D. (2014). Psychological capital, big five traits, and employee outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29, 122–140. doi: 10.1108/JMP-06-2012-0193
Dawkins, S., Martin, A., Scott, J., & Sanderson, K. (2013). Building on the positives: A psychometric review and critical analysis of the construct of psychological capital. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 348–370. doi: 10.1111/joop.12007
Feuerhahn, N., Kühnel, J., & Kudielka, B. M. (2012), Interaction effects of effort-reward imbalance and overcommitment on emotional exhaustion and job performance. International Journal of Stress Management, 19, 105–131. doi: 10.1037/a0028338
Görgens-Ekermans, G., & Herbert, M. (2013). Psychological capital: Internal and external validity of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-24) on a South African sample. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39, 1–12. doi: 10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1131
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524. doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.44.3.513
Hodges, T. D. (2010). An experimental study of the impact of psychological capital on performance, engagement, and the contagion effect (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/193949785?pq-origsite=gscholar
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185. doi: 10.1007/BF02289447
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Iliescu, D., & Sârbescu, P. (2013). The relationship of dangerous driving with traffic offenses: A study on an adapted measure of dangerous driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 51, 33–41. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.10.014
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151–188. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.17
Krasikova, D. V., Lester, P. B., & Harms, P. D. (2015). Effects of psychological capital on mental health and substance abuse. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 22, 280–291. doi: 10.1177/1548051815585853
Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. The Academy of Management Executive, 16, 57–72. doi:10.5465/AME.2002.6640181
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). Psychological capital development: toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 27, 387–393. doi:10.1002/job.373
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541–572. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Peterson, S. J. (2010). The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21, 41–67. doi: 10.1002/hrdq.20034
Luthans, F., Avey, J., & Patera, J. (2008). Experimental analysis of a web-based training intervention to develop positive psychological capital. Academy of Management Learning & Education,7, 209–221. doi:10.5465/AMLE.2008.3271261
Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. B. (2014). Building the Leaders of Tomorrow: The Development of Academic Psychological Capital. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21, 191–199. doi:10.1177/1548051813517003 Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., & Avey, J. B. (2008). The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate—employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 219–238. doi:10.1002/job.507
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of management, 33, 321–349. doi: 10.1177/0149206307300814
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., Sweetman, D. S., & Harms, P. D. (2013). Meeting the leadership challenge of employee well-being through relationship PsyCap and health PsyCap. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20, 118–133. doi: 10.1177/1548051812465893
Mónico, L. M., Pais, L., dos Santos, N. R., & Santos, D. (2014). Psychological capital in Portuguese workers: Contributions to the validity and reliability of the Psycap Questionnaire. Proceedings of the SGEM Conferences on Social Sciences and Arts, 1, 319-326. doi:10.5593/SGEMSOCIAL2014/B11/S1.042
Mowen, J. C. (2000). The 3M model of motivation and personality: Theory and empirical applications to consumer behavior. Oklahoma: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus: Statistical analysis with latent variables: User's guide (pp. 1998–2007). Los Angeles:
Muthén & Muthén. Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F. E. I., & Hirst, G. (2014). Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 120–136. doi: 10.1002/job.1916
Parker, S. K. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: the roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 835–852. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.83.6.835
Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 189–193. doi: 10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Test manual for the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Unpublished manuscript, Utrecht University, the Netherlands. Retrieved from http://www.schaufeli.com
Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the State Hope Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 321–335. .doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.321
Snyder, C.R. (2000). Handbook of hope. San Diego: Academic Press. IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Sridevi, G., & Srinivasan, P. T. (2012). Psychological capital: a review of evolving literature. Colombo Business Journal, 3, 25–39.
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240–261. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240
Stewart-Brown, S. (1998). Emotional wellbeing and its relation to health: Physical disease may well result from emotional distress. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 317, 1608-1610. doi: 10.1136/bmj.317.7173.1608
Van Wingerden, J., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2016). A test of a job demands-resources intervention. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31, 686–701. doi: 10.1108/JMP-03-2014-0086
Vîrgă, D. M., & Paveloni, A. (2016), Psychological capital and well-being: the moderating role of psychological detachment from work, Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 13, 53–62. Retrieved from http://apio.ro/pru/index.php/prujournal/article/view/418
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 1–21. .doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121
Wagnild, G.M., Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the resiliency scale. Journal of Nursing Management, 1, 165–178.
Ware, J. E., Jr. (1999). SF-36 Health Survey. In M. E. Maruish (Eds.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (pp. 1227–1246). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Youssef‐Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2015). Psychological capital and well‐being. Stress and Health, 31, 180–188. doi: 10.1002/smi.2623
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2010). The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management, 30, 430–452. doi: 10.1177/0149206308329961
Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22, 127–152. doi: 10.1002/hrdq.20070
Badran, M. A., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2015). Psychological capital and job satisfaction in Egypt. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30, 354–370. doi: 10.1108/JMP-06-2013-0176
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309–328. doi: 10.1108/02683940710733115
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x
Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
Berwick, D. M., Murphy, J. M., Goldman, P. A., Ware Jr, J. E., Barsky, A. J., & Weinstein, M. C. (1991). Performance of a five-item mental health screening test. Medical Care, 29, 169–176. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3766262
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185–216. doi: 10.1177/135910457000100301
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage Focus Editions, 154, 136–136. doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005
Carverc, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2002). The hopeful optimist. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 288–290. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1448869
Choi, Y., & Lee, D. (2014). Psychological capital, big five traits, and employee outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29, 122–140. doi: 10.1108/JMP-06-2012-0193
Dawkins, S., Martin, A., Scott, J., & Sanderson, K. (2013). Building on the positives: A psychometric review and critical analysis of the construct of psychological capital. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 348–370. doi: 10.1111/joop.12007
Feuerhahn, N., Kühnel, J., & Kudielka, B. M. (2012), Interaction effects of effort-reward imbalance and overcommitment on emotional exhaustion and job performance. International Journal of Stress Management, 19, 105–131. doi: 10.1037/a0028338
Görgens-Ekermans, G., & Herbert, M. (2013). Psychological capital: Internal and external validity of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-24) on a South African sample. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39, 1–12. doi: 10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1131
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524. doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.44.3.513
Hodges, T. D. (2010). An experimental study of the impact of psychological capital on performance, engagement, and the contagion effect (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/193949785?pq-origsite=gscholar
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185. doi: 10.1007/BF02289447
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Iliescu, D., & Sârbescu, P. (2013). The relationship of dangerous driving with traffic offenses: A study on an adapted measure of dangerous driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 51, 33–41. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.10.014
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151–188. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.17
Krasikova, D. V., Lester, P. B., & Harms, P. D. (2015). Effects of psychological capital on mental health and substance abuse. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 22, 280–291. doi: 10.1177/1548051815585853
Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. The Academy of Management Executive, 16, 57–72. doi:10.5465/AME.2002.6640181
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). Psychological capital development: toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 27, 387–393. doi:10.1002/job.373
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541–572. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Peterson, S. J. (2010). The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21, 41–67. doi: 10.1002/hrdq.20034
Luthans, F., Avey, J., & Patera, J. (2008). Experimental analysis of a web-based training intervention to develop positive psychological capital. Academy of Management Learning & Education,7, 209–221. doi:10.5465/AMLE.2008.3271261
Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. B. (2014). Building the Leaders of Tomorrow: The Development of Academic Psychological Capital. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21, 191–199. doi:10.1177/1548051813517003 Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., & Avey, J. B. (2008). The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate—employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 219–238. doi:10.1002/job.507
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of management, 33, 321–349. doi: 10.1177/0149206307300814
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., Sweetman, D. S., & Harms, P. D. (2013). Meeting the leadership challenge of employee well-being through relationship PsyCap and health PsyCap. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20, 118–133. doi: 10.1177/1548051812465893
Mónico, L. M., Pais, L., dos Santos, N. R., & Santos, D. (2014). Psychological capital in Portuguese workers: Contributions to the validity and reliability of the Psycap Questionnaire. Proceedings of the SGEM Conferences on Social Sciences and Arts, 1, 319-326. doi:10.5593/SGEMSOCIAL2014/B11/S1.042
Mowen, J. C. (2000). The 3M model of motivation and personality: Theory and empirical applications to consumer behavior. Oklahoma: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus: Statistical analysis with latent variables: User's guide (pp. 1998–2007). Los Angeles:
Muthén & Muthén. Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F. E. I., & Hirst, G. (2014). Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 120–136. doi: 10.1002/job.1916
Parker, S. K. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: the roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 835–852. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.83.6.835
Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 189–193. doi: 10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Test manual for the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Unpublished manuscript, Utrecht University, the Netherlands. Retrieved from http://www.schaufeli.com
Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the State Hope Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 321–335. .doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.321
Snyder, C.R. (2000). Handbook of hope. San Diego: Academic Press. IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Sridevi, G., & Srinivasan, P. T. (2012). Psychological capital: a review of evolving literature. Colombo Business Journal, 3, 25–39.
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240–261. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240
Stewart-Brown, S. (1998). Emotional wellbeing and its relation to health: Physical disease may well result from emotional distress. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 317, 1608-1610. doi: 10.1136/bmj.317.7173.1608
Van Wingerden, J., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2016). A test of a job demands-resources intervention. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31, 686–701. doi: 10.1108/JMP-03-2014-0086
Vîrgă, D. M., & Paveloni, A. (2016), Psychological capital and well-being: the moderating role of psychological detachment from work, Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 13, 53–62. Retrieved from http://apio.ro/pru/index.php/prujournal/article/view/418
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 1–21. .doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121
Wagnild, G.M., Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the resiliency scale. Journal of Nursing Management, 1, 165–178.
Ware, J. E., Jr. (1999). SF-36 Health Survey. In M. E. Maruish (Eds.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (pp. 1227–1246). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Youssef‐Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2015). Psychological capital and well‐being. Stress and Health, 31, 180–188. doi: 10.1002/smi.2623
Downloads
Published
2020-02-02
How to Cite
Lupșa, D., & Vîrgă, D. (2020). Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ): Analysis of the Romanian Adaptation and Validation. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 16(1), 27–39. Retrieved from https://hrp-journal.com/index.php/pru/article/view/450
Issue
Section
Research articles
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal,it also allows for use of the work for non-commercial purposes and if others remix, transform or build upon the works found in this journal they must distribute the contributions under the same licence as the original.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See: The Effect of Open Access).
