A New Version of the Evaluation of Motivational Persistence (EPM) Questionnaire: Conceptual Grounding and Empirical Support

Abstract

This study reports on a revised version of the Evaluation of Motivational Persistence questionnaire, expanding the original three-factor model by adding Ambition, Planning, and Self-discipline subscales. Psychometric properties were evaluated in two convenience samples totaling 3,875 participants. The subscales demonstrated generally good internal consistency and composite reliability, although Ambition and Self-discipline were slightly lower, indicating areas for improvement. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a five-factor factorial structure, suggesting that the Recurrence of unattained goals subscale should be eliminated. Measurement invariance across gender was also tested and received support. Convergent validity was assessed using average variance extracted and discriminant validity was examined via the Fornell–Larcker criterion, with most subscales meeting criteria, while a few subscale pairs displayed overlap that warrants further examination. Construct validity was further supported by correlations with established measures. While the instrument demonstrates promise for research and applied settings, additional work is required to strengthen its psychometric properties.