NATIONAL CORRUPTION, NATIONAL PERSONALITY AND NATIONAL CULTURE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.v5i1.308Keywords:
corruption,, cultural variables,, psychological variables,, Big ThreeAbstract
Even though corruption continues to mar economic progression, worker enthusiasm, and societies' moral constitution, most studies of corruption have been confined to the fields of economics and political science. However, psychological variables, such as personality and cultural values, are likely to be relevant to studying corruption. In the present study of 62 countries, we examined how national averages on the Big Three personality traits, a measure of social desirability, and Hofstede's cultural dimensions relate to perceptions of a nation's level of corruption. The Big Three personality traits showed modest relationships with corruption. However, national averages on a social desirability measure were strongly and positivel correlated with corruption, suggesting that national dishonesty in responding to personality items is related to national dishonesty in corruption. In addition, the discrete, combined, and unique effects of personality and culture on corruption were compared. The findings suggest that both cultural values and personality have relevance for understanding corruption. As globalization continues to promote the exchange of cultural values and the assimilation of both individuals and organizations into new cultures, these findings highlight the need for I/O psychologists to be attentive to both culture and personality in designing human resource systems.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Akindele, S. T. (1995). Corruption: An analytical focus on the problems of its conceptualisation. IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 3, 55-69.
Baehr, M. E., Jones, J. W., & Nerad, A. J. (1993). Psychological correlates of business ethics orientation in executives. Journal of Business & Psychology, 7, 291-308.
Barrett, P., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1984). The assessment of personality factors across 25 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 615-632.
Barrett, P. T., Petrides, K. V., Eysenck, S. B. G., & Eysenck, H. J. (1998). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: An examination of the factorial similarity of P, E, N, and L across 34 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 805-819.
Berry, C. M., Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2005). A Critical Review and Meta-analysis of the Relationships Between Interpersonal Deviance, Organizational Deviance, and Their Common Correlates.Unpublished manuscript.
Bouchard, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, evolution, and personality. Behavior Genetics, 31, 243-273.
Cohen, J., West, S. G., Aiken, L., & Cohen, P. (2002). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Collins, J. M., & Schmidt, F. L. (1993). Personality, integrity, and white collar crime: A construct validity study. Personnel Psychology, 46, 295-311.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa , FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
Digman, J. M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246-1256.
Dollar, D., Fisman, S., & Gatti, R. (2001). Are women really the "fairer" sex? Corruption and women in government. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 46, 423-429.
Eysenck, H. (1991). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised. Sevenoaks: Hodder and Stoughton.
Eysenck, H. J. (1970). The Structure of Human Personality. London: Methuen & Co.
Goldsmith, A. A. (1999). Slapping the grasping hand: Correlates of corruption in global markets. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58, 865-883.
Habib, M., & Zurawicki, L. (2002). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 33, 291-307.
Hofstede, G. S. (1980). Culture's Consequences.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. S. (2001). Culture's Consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. S., & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross- Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Science, 38, 52-88.
Husted, B. (1999). Wealth, culture, and corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 339-359.
Jackson, D. N., Paunonen, S. V., Fraboni, M., & Goffin, R. D. (1996). A five-factor versus sixfactor model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 33-45.
Jackson, H. L. (2006). Ethical Misconduct of Senior Leaders: Counterproductive Work Behaviors at the Top. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Jain, A. K. (2001). Corruption: A review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15, 71-121.
Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D., & Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1998). Regulatory discretion and the unofficial economy. American Economic Review, 88, 387-392.
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., & Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 17-34.
Klein, K. J., Bliese, P. D., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Dansereau, F., Gavin, M. B., Griffin, M. A., et al. (2000). Multilevel analytical techniques: Commonalities, differences, and continuing questions. Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations, 51, 512-553.
Klein, K. J., Dansereau, F., & Hall, R. J. (1994). Levels issues in theory development, data collection, and analysis. Academy of Management Review, 19, 195-229.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (1995/2004). Background paper to the Corruption Perceptions Index: Transparency International and the University of Passau
Lynn, R., & Martin, T. (1995). National differences for thirty-seven nations in extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and economic, demographic and other correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 403-406.
Lynn, R., & Martin, T. (1997). Gender differences in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism in 37 nations. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 369-373.
McCrae, R. R. (2001). Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons. Journal of Personality, 69, 819-846.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1983). Social desirability scales: More substance than style. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 882-888.
Miceli, M. P., van Scotter, J. R., Near, J. P., & Rehg, M. T. L. E. A. (2001). Responses to perceived organizational wrongdoing: Do perceiver characteristics matter? In J. M. Darley, D. M. Messick & e. al (Eds.), Social influences on ethical behavior in organizations (pp. 119-135). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Schmidt, F. L. (1993). Comprehensive meta-analysis of integrity test validities findings and implications for personnel selection and theories of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 679-703.
Salgado, J. (2002). The Big Five personality dimensions and counterproductive behaviors. International Journal of Selection & Assessment, 10, 117-125.
Steel, P., & Ones, D. S. (2002). Personality and happiness: A national-level analysis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83, 767- 781.
Swamy, A., Knack, S., Lee, Y., & Azfar, O. (2001). Gender and Corruption. Journal of Development Economics, 64, 25-55.
Terracciano, A., Abdel-Khalek, A. M., Adam, N., Adamovova, L., Ahn, C., Ahn, H. N., et al. (2005). National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 310, 96-100.
van Hemert, D. A., van de Vijver, F. J. R., Poortinga, Y. H., & Georgas, J. (2002). Structural and functional equivalence of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire within and between countries. Personality & Individual Differences, 33, 1229-1249.
Xin, X., & Rudel, T. K. (2004). The context for political corruption: A cross-national analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 85, 294-309.
Baehr, M. E., Jones, J. W., & Nerad, A. J. (1993). Psychological correlates of business ethics orientation in executives. Journal of Business & Psychology, 7, 291-308.
Barrett, P., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1984). The assessment of personality factors across 25 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 615-632.
Barrett, P. T., Petrides, K. V., Eysenck, S. B. G., & Eysenck, H. J. (1998). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: An examination of the factorial similarity of P, E, N, and L across 34 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 805-819.
Berry, C. M., Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2005). A Critical Review and Meta-analysis of the Relationships Between Interpersonal Deviance, Organizational Deviance, and Their Common Correlates.Unpublished manuscript.
Bouchard, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, evolution, and personality. Behavior Genetics, 31, 243-273.
Cohen, J., West, S. G., Aiken, L., & Cohen, P. (2002). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Collins, J. M., & Schmidt, F. L. (1993). Personality, integrity, and white collar crime: A construct validity study. Personnel Psychology, 46, 295-311.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa , FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
Digman, J. M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246-1256.
Dollar, D., Fisman, S., & Gatti, R. (2001). Are women really the "fairer" sex? Corruption and women in government. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 46, 423-429.
Eysenck, H. (1991). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised. Sevenoaks: Hodder and Stoughton.
Eysenck, H. J. (1970). The Structure of Human Personality. London: Methuen & Co.
Goldsmith, A. A. (1999). Slapping the grasping hand: Correlates of corruption in global markets. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58, 865-883.
Habib, M., & Zurawicki, L. (2002). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 33, 291-307.
Hofstede, G. S. (1980). Culture's Consequences.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. S. (2001). Culture's Consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. S., & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross- Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Science, 38, 52-88.
Husted, B. (1999). Wealth, culture, and corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 339-359.
Jackson, D. N., Paunonen, S. V., Fraboni, M., & Goffin, R. D. (1996). A five-factor versus sixfactor model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 33-45.
Jackson, H. L. (2006). Ethical Misconduct of Senior Leaders: Counterproductive Work Behaviors at the Top. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Jain, A. K. (2001). Corruption: A review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15, 71-121.
Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D., & Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1998). Regulatory discretion and the unofficial economy. American Economic Review, 88, 387-392.
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., & Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 17-34.
Klein, K. J., Bliese, P. D., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Dansereau, F., Gavin, M. B., Griffin, M. A., et al. (2000). Multilevel analytical techniques: Commonalities, differences, and continuing questions. Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations, 51, 512-553.
Klein, K. J., Dansereau, F., & Hall, R. J. (1994). Levels issues in theory development, data collection, and analysis. Academy of Management Review, 19, 195-229.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (1995/2004). Background paper to the Corruption Perceptions Index: Transparency International and the University of Passau
Lynn, R., & Martin, T. (1995). National differences for thirty-seven nations in extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and economic, demographic and other correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 403-406.
Lynn, R., & Martin, T. (1997). Gender differences in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism in 37 nations. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 369-373.
McCrae, R. R. (2001). Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons. Journal of Personality, 69, 819-846.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1983). Social desirability scales: More substance than style. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 882-888.
Miceli, M. P., van Scotter, J. R., Near, J. P., & Rehg, M. T. L. E. A. (2001). Responses to perceived organizational wrongdoing: Do perceiver characteristics matter? In J. M. Darley, D. M. Messick & e. al (Eds.), Social influences on ethical behavior in organizations (pp. 119-135). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Schmidt, F. L. (1993). Comprehensive meta-analysis of integrity test validities findings and implications for personnel selection and theories of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 679-703.
Salgado, J. (2002). The Big Five personality dimensions and counterproductive behaviors. International Journal of Selection & Assessment, 10, 117-125.
Steel, P., & Ones, D. S. (2002). Personality and happiness: A national-level analysis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83, 767- 781.
Swamy, A., Knack, S., Lee, Y., & Azfar, O. (2001). Gender and Corruption. Journal of Development Economics, 64, 25-55.
Terracciano, A., Abdel-Khalek, A. M., Adam, N., Adamovova, L., Ahn, C., Ahn, H. N., et al. (2005). National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 310, 96-100.
van Hemert, D. A., van de Vijver, F. J. R., Poortinga, Y. H., & Georgas, J. (2002). Structural and functional equivalence of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire within and between countries. Personality & Individual Differences, 33, 1229-1249.
Xin, X., & Rudel, T. K. (2004). The context for political corruption: A cross-national analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 85, 294-309.
Downloads
Published
2020-01-29
How to Cite
Connelly, B., & Ones, D. (2020). NATIONAL CORRUPTION, NATIONAL PERSONALITY AND NATIONAL CULTURE. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 5(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.v5i1.308
Issue
Section
Research articles
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal,it also allows for use of the work for non-commercial purposes and if others remix, transform or build upon the works found in this journal they must distribute the contributions under the same licence as the original.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See: The Effect of Open Access).
