Loneliness at Work and Job Performance: The Role of Burnout and Extraversion
Keywords:
Loneliness at work, Job performance, Burnout, Extraversion, Serial mediationAbstract
Loneliness at workischaracterizedbyemotionaldeprivation and lack of social companionship at work. It hasreceived, over thelasttwodecades, increasedlevels of attentionfrombothresearchers and practitioners, duetoitsestimatedhighprevalence rate and severe negative individual consequences. The currentstudyattemptedtoprovide an explanatory model in whichextraversioninfluencesloneliness at work, which in turn, isassociatedwithburnout, therebyresulting in reduced job performance. The studywasbased on a serial mediationcross-sectional model. The participants (n = 265) were Romanian employees, and data werecollectedthrough self-report measures. The results confirm thatextraversionpredictslonelinesswhich, in turn, impacts job performance via burnout. The presentstudycontributestothe sparse literatureaboutloneliness at workbyexamining a plausibleunderlyingmechanismbywhichloneliness at workcannegativelyaffect job performance.
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References
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Ayazlar, G., &Güzel, B. (2014). The Effect of Loneliness in theWorkplace on OrganizationalCommitment. Procedia– Social and BehavioralSciences, 131, 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.124
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., &Verbeke, W. (2004). Usingthe job demands-resources model topredictburnout and performance. HumanResource Management, 43(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004
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Brown, E. G., Gallagher, S., &Creaven, A. M. (2018). Loneliness and acute stressreactivity: A systematicreview of psychophysiologicalstudies. Psychophysiology, 55(5), e13031. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13031
Cacioppo, J. T., Fowler, J. H., &Christakis, N. A. (2009). Alone in theCrowd: The Structure and Spread of Loneliness in a Large Social Network. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 977.
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Dixon, D., Cruess, S., Kilbourn, K., Klimas, N., Fletcher, M. A., Ironson, G., .. . Antoni, M. H. (2006). Social supportmediatesloneliness and humanherpesvirusType 6 (HHV-6) antibodytiters. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(6), 1111–1132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02665.x
Erzen, E., &Çikrikci, Ö. (2018). The effect of loneliness on depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(5), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018776349
Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics using SPSS. University of Sussex, UK: Sage Publications LTD.
Fischer, C. S. (2009). The 2004 GSS finding of shrunken social networks: An artifact? American Sociological Review, 74(4), 657–669. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400408
Flett, G.L., Goldstein, A.L., Pechenkov, I.G., Nepon, T., &Wekerle, C. (2016).Antecedents, correlates, and consequences of feelinglikeyoudon’tmatter: Associationswithmaltreatment, loneliness, social anxiety, and thefive factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 52-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.014
Ganster, D. C., &Schaubroeck, J. (1991). Work, stress and employeehealth. Journal of Management, 17(2), 235–271. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 014920639101700202
Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance: Positivebehavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 327–347.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditionalprocessanalysis. New York: The Guilford Press.
Hayes, A. F., Montoya, A. K., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: PROCESS versus structural equation modeling. Australasian Marketing Journal, 25, 76–81. http://dx.doi .org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.02.001
Hambleton, R. K. (2005). Issues, designs, and technicalguidelines for adaptingtestsintomultiple Languages and Cultures. In R. K. Hambleton, P. F. Merenda, & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.) Adaptingeducational and psychologicaltests for cross-cultural assessment(pp. 3–38). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., &Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Lonelinesspredictsincreasedbloodpressure: 5-year cross-laggedanalyses in middle-aged and olderadults. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017805
Hojat, M. (1982). Loneliness as a function of selectedpersonalityvariables. Journal of ClinicalPsychology, 38(1), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198201)38:1<137::AID-JCLP2270380122>3.0.CO;2-2
Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). Fostering Social Connection in the Workplace. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(5), 1307–1312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117118776735a
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as riskfactors for mortality. Perspectives on PsychologicalScience, 10(2), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., &Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortalityrisk: A meta-analyticreview. PLoS Medicine, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
Iliescu, D., Popa, M., & Dimache, R. (2015). Adaptarea românească a setului International de Itemi de Personalitate: IPIP-Ro [The Romanian adaptation of the International Personality Item Pool: IPIP-Ro]. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 13(1), 83–112.
Jeffrey, K., Abdallah, S., &Michaelson, J. (2017). The cost of lonelinessto UK employers. Retrievedfrom:http://neweconomics.org/2017/02/cost-loneliness-uk-employers/?_sft_latest=research
Jensen-Campbell, L. A., Adams, R., Perry, D. G., Workman, K. A., Furdella, J. Q., &Egan, S. K. (2002). Agreeableness, extraversion, and peerrelations in earlyadolescence: Winningfriends and deflectingaggression. Journal ofResearch in Personality, 36, 224–251.
Kurina, L. M., Knutson, K. L., Hawkley, L. C., Cacioppo, J. T., Lau- derdale, D. S., & Ober, C. (2011). Lonelinessisassociatedwithsleepfragmentation in a communalsociety. Sleep, 34(11), 1519– 1526. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1390
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., &Leiter, M. P. (1996). MaslachBurnoutInventory manual (Vol. 4). PaloAlto, CA: Consulting psychologistspress.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., &Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology,52(1), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Mastroianni, K., & Storberg-Walker, J. (2014). Do work relationships matter? Characteristics of workplace interactions that enhance or detract from employee perceptions of well-being and health behaviors. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 2(1), 798–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2014.933343
Mat Roni, S. (2014). Introductionto SPSS. Australia: Edith Cowan University, SOAR Centre.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of thefive-factor model of personalityacrossinstrumentsand observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81–90.
McGrath, J. E. (1976). Stress and behavior in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizationalpsychology (pp. 1351–1396). Chicago: Rand-McNally.
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., &Brashears, M. E. (2006). Social isolation in America: Changes in corediscussionnetworks over twodecades - refutedby multiple f.ollow-upstudies. American Sociological Review, 71(3), 353–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100301
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., &Brashears, M. E. (2008). Social isolation in America: Changes in corediscussionnetworks over twodecades. American Sociological Review, 73(6), 1022. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300610
Griffin, Jo. (2010). The Lonely Society?.Mental Health Foundation. Retrievedfrom: https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/the_lonely_society_report.pdf
Ozcelik, H., &Barsade, S. (2011). WorkLoneliness and Employee Performance. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2011(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2011.65869714
Paik, A., &Sanchagrin, K. (2013). Social Isolation in America: An Artifact. American Sociological Review, 78(3), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122413482919
Peng, J., Chen, Y., Xia, Y., &Ran, Y. (2017). Workplaceloneliness, leader-memberexchange and creativity: The cross-levelmoderating role of leadercompassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 104(November), 510–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.020
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., &Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common methodbiases in behavioralresearch: A criticalreview of theliterature and recommendedremedies. Journal of AppliedPsychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
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2019-12-10
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Sîrbu, A.-A., & Dumbravă, A. C. (2019). Loneliness at Work and Job Performance: The Role of Burnout and Extraversion. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 17(1), 7–18. Retrieved from https://hrp-journal.com/index.php/pru/article/view/298
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