Identificarea stereotipurilor implicite privind rolul organizaţional atribuit femeilor şi bărbaţilor
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.v8i1.428Keywords:
gender stereotypes, management decisions, implicit associationsAbstract
The present paper investigated the way in which implicit gender stereotypes can influence the
perception of female and male leaders within organisations. We created an experimental task
based on Greenwald and Banaji’s research (1995), methodology that is based on implicit
associations. The present study was conducted on 81 participants, and the results were based
on analyzing the reaction time and number of errors. The sampling process used the managerial
level of the participants as criteria variable and we based our research on the three most
common managerial levels: top, middle and low management, taking also into consideration the
non-managerial levels. The results indicate that at non-managerial and low management level
the implicit gender stereotypes continue to show some influences; instead, at top managerial
level (where the important business decision are taken), implicit gender stereotypes does not
influence the decision making process.
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References
Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Implicit
gender stereotyping in judgment frames.
Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 68(2), 181-198.
Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitudes can be
measured. In H. L. Roediger, III, J. S.
Nairne, I. Neath, & A. Surprenant (Eds.),
The nature of remembering: Essays in
Studii şi Cercetări
89
honor of Robert G. Crowder (pp. 117-150).
Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Bargh, J. A. (1997). The automaticity of everyday
life. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), The
automaticity of everyday life: Advances in
social cognition (Vol. 10, pp. 1-61).
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to
transformational leadership: Learning to
share the vision. Organizational Dynamics,
18 (3): 19-31
De Houwer, J. (2006). What are implicit measures
and why are we using them? In R. W. Wiers
& A. W. Stacy (Eds.), The handbook of
implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 11–28).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Eagly, A. H. & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2001)
The Leadership Styles of Women and Men
Journal of Social Issues, 57, 781-797
Egloff, B. & Schmukle, S. C. (2004). Gender
differences in implicit and explicit anxiety
measures. Personality and Individual
Differences, 36, 1807-1815
Fazio, Russell H., David M. Sanbonmatsu, Martha
C. Powell, and Frank R. Kardes. (1986).
‘‘On the Automatic Activation of Attitudes,’’
Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 50, 229–238.
Graf, P. & Schacter, D.L. (1985). Implicit and explicit
memory for new associations in normal and
amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and
Cognition, 11, 501-518
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., &
Klauer, K. C. (2005). Validity of the salience
asymmetry interpretation of the IAT:
Comment on Rothermund, Wentura & De
Houwer (2004). Journal of Experimental
Psychology: General, 134, 420–425
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R.
(2003). Understanding and Using the
Implicit Association Test: I. An Improved
Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216
Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2001). Health of
the Implicit Association Test at age 3.
Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie,
48, 85-93.
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A.,
Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Rosier, M.
(2000). Prologue to a unified theory of
attitudes, stereotypes, and self-concept. In
J. Forgas (Ed.) The role of affect in social
cognition (pp. 308-330). Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using
the Implicit Association Test to measure
self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6),
1022-1038.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K.
L. (1998). Measuring individual differences
in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association
Test. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 74, 1464-1480
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit
social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and
stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1),
4-27.
Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le,
H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis
on the correlation between the Implicit
Association Test and explicit self-report
measures. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1369-1385
Jacoby, L. L., Lindsay, D. S., & Toth, J. P. (1992).
Unconscious influences revealed: Attention,
awareness, and control. American
Psychologist,47, 802-809.
Jacoby, L.L. & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship
between autobiographical and perceptual
learning. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
Jacob L. L., & Witherspoon, D. (1982).
Remembering without awareness. Canadian
Journal of Psycholog£, 32, 300-324.
Judd, C. M. & Park, B. (1993). Definition and
assessment of accuracy in social
stereotypes. Psychological Review, 100,
109-128.
Kirkpatrick, S. & Locke, E. 1991. Leadership: Do
traits matter? Academy of Management
Executive, 5 (2), 48-60.
Mierke, J., & Klauer, K. C. (2001). Implicit
association measurement with the IAT:
Evidence for effects of executive control
processes. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle
Psychologie, 48, 107-122.
Nosek, B. A. (2004). Moderators of the relationship
between implicit and explicit attitudes.
Unpublished manuscript, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville
Roediger, H.L., Weldon, M.S., & Challis, B.H.
(1989). Explaining dissociations between
implicit and explicit measures of retention: A
processing account. Chapter in H.L.
Roediger & F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of
memory and consciousness: Essays in
honour of Endel Tulving. (p. 3-39). Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum.
Rothermund, K., Wentura, D. & De Houwer (2004).
Validity of the Salience Asymmetry Account
90
of the Implicit Association Test: Reply to
Greenwald, Nosek, Banaji, and Klauer
(2005). Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General, 134 (3), 426–430
Schacter, D. L., Implicit Memory: History and
Current Status. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and
Cognition, 13,( 3). 501-518
Steffens, Melanie C. and Inga Plewe (2001), Items'
Cross-Category Associations as a
Confounding Factor in the Implicit
Association Test, Zeitschrift fuer
Experimentelle Psychologie, 48 (2), 123-34.
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000).
A model of dual attitudes. Psychological
Review, 107, 101-126
gender stereotyping in judgment frames.
Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 68(2), 181-198.
Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitudes can be
measured. In H. L. Roediger, III, J. S.
Nairne, I. Neath, & A. Surprenant (Eds.),
The nature of remembering: Essays in
Studii şi Cercetări
89
honor of Robert G. Crowder (pp. 117-150).
Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Bargh, J. A. (1997). The automaticity of everyday
life. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), The
automaticity of everyday life: Advances in
social cognition (Vol. 10, pp. 1-61).
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to
transformational leadership: Learning to
share the vision. Organizational Dynamics,
18 (3): 19-31
De Houwer, J. (2006). What are implicit measures
and why are we using them? In R. W. Wiers
& A. W. Stacy (Eds.), The handbook of
implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 11–28).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Eagly, A. H. & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2001)
The Leadership Styles of Women and Men
Journal of Social Issues, 57, 781-797
Egloff, B. & Schmukle, S. C. (2004). Gender
differences in implicit and explicit anxiety
measures. Personality and Individual
Differences, 36, 1807-1815
Fazio, Russell H., David M. Sanbonmatsu, Martha
C. Powell, and Frank R. Kardes. (1986).
‘‘On the Automatic Activation of Attitudes,’’
Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 50, 229–238.
Graf, P. & Schacter, D.L. (1985). Implicit and explicit
memory for new associations in normal and
amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and
Cognition, 11, 501-518
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., &
Klauer, K. C. (2005). Validity of the salience
asymmetry interpretation of the IAT:
Comment on Rothermund, Wentura & De
Houwer (2004). Journal of Experimental
Psychology: General, 134, 420–425
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R.
(2003). Understanding and Using the
Implicit Association Test: I. An Improved
Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216
Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2001). Health of
the Implicit Association Test at age 3.
Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie,
48, 85-93.
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A.,
Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Rosier, M.
(2000). Prologue to a unified theory of
attitudes, stereotypes, and self-concept. In
J. Forgas (Ed.) The role of affect in social
cognition (pp. 308-330). Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using
the Implicit Association Test to measure
self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6),
1022-1038.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K.
L. (1998). Measuring individual differences
in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association
Test. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 74, 1464-1480
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit
social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and
stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1),
4-27.
Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le,
H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis
on the correlation between the Implicit
Association Test and explicit self-report
measures. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1369-1385
Jacoby, L. L., Lindsay, D. S., & Toth, J. P. (1992).
Unconscious influences revealed: Attention,
awareness, and control. American
Psychologist,47, 802-809.
Jacoby, L.L. & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship
between autobiographical and perceptual
learning. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
Jacob L. L., & Witherspoon, D. (1982).
Remembering without awareness. Canadian
Journal of Psycholog£, 32, 300-324.
Judd, C. M. & Park, B. (1993). Definition and
assessment of accuracy in social
stereotypes. Psychological Review, 100,
109-128.
Kirkpatrick, S. & Locke, E. 1991. Leadership: Do
traits matter? Academy of Management
Executive, 5 (2), 48-60.
Mierke, J., & Klauer, K. C. (2001). Implicit
association measurement with the IAT:
Evidence for effects of executive control
processes. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle
Psychologie, 48, 107-122.
Nosek, B. A. (2004). Moderators of the relationship
between implicit and explicit attitudes.
Unpublished manuscript, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville
Roediger, H.L., Weldon, M.S., & Challis, B.H.
(1989). Explaining dissociations between
implicit and explicit measures of retention: A
processing account. Chapter in H.L.
Roediger & F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of
memory and consciousness: Essays in
honour of Endel Tulving. (p. 3-39). Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum.
Rothermund, K., Wentura, D. & De Houwer (2004).
Validity of the Salience Asymmetry Account
90
of the Implicit Association Test: Reply to
Greenwald, Nosek, Banaji, and Klauer
(2005). Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General, 134 (3), 426–430
Schacter, D. L., Implicit Memory: History and
Current Status. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Learning, Memory, and
Cognition, 13,( 3). 501-518
Steffens, Melanie C. and Inga Plewe (2001), Items'
Cross-Category Associations as a
Confounding Factor in the Implicit
Association Test, Zeitschrift fuer
Experimentelle Psychologie, 48 (2), 123-34.
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000).
A model of dual attitudes. Psychological
Review, 107, 101-126
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Published
2020-01-26
How to Cite
Vercellino, D., & Ion, A. (2020). Identificarea stereotipurilor implicite privind rolul organizaţional atribuit femeilor şi bărbaţilor. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 8(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.v8i1.428
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